study from yesterday

September 3

Events

• 301 – San Marino, one of the smallest nations in the world and the world's oldest republic still in existence, is founded by Saint Marinus.
• 590 – Consecration of Pope Gregory I (Gregory the Great).
• 863 – Major Byzantine victory at the Battle of Lalakaon against an Arab raid.
• 1189 – Richard I of England (a.k.a. Richard "the Lionheart") is crowned at Westminster.
• 1260 – The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking their first decisive defeat and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.
• 1650 – Third English Civil War: in the Battle of Dunbar, English Parliamentarian forces led by Oliver Cromwell defeat an army loyal to King Charles II of England and led by David Leslie, Lord Newark.
• 1651 – Third English Civil War: Battle of Worcester – Charles II of England is defeated in the last main battle of the war.
• 1658 – Richard Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England
• 1666 – The Royal Exchange burns down in the Great Fire of London
• 1777 – American Revolutionary War: during the Battle of Cooch's Bridge, the Flag of the United States is flown in battle for the first time.
• 1783 – American Revolutionary War: the war ends with the signing of the Treaty of Paris by the United States and the Kingdom of Great Britain.
• 1798 – The week long battle of St. George's Caye begins between Spain and Britain off the coast of Belize.
• 1802 – William Wordsworth composes the sonnet Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802.
• 1803 – English scientist John Dalton begins using symbols to represent the atoms of different elements.
• 1812 – 24 settlers are killed in the Pigeon Roost Massacre in Indiana.
• 1838 – Future abolitionist Frederick Douglass escapes from slavery.
• 1855 – Indian Wars: in Nebraska, 700 soldiers under United States General William S. Harney avenge the Grattan Massacre by attacking a Sioux village and killing 100 between men, women and children.
• 1861 – American Civil War: Confederate General Leonidas Polk invades neutral Kentucky, prompting the state legislature to ask for Union assistance.
• 1870 – Franco-Prussian War: the Siege of Metz begins, resulting in a decisive Prussian victory on October 23.
• 1874 – The congress of the state of México elevates Naucalpan to the category of Villa, with the title of "Villa de Juárez".
• 1875 – The first official game of Polo is played in Argentina after being introduced by British Ranchers".
• 1878 – Over 640 die when the crowded pleasure boat Princess Alice collides with the Bywell Castle in the River Thames.
• 1914 – William, Prince of Albania leaves the country after just six months due to opposition to his rule.
• 1925 – USS Shenandoah (ZR-1), the United States' first American-built rigid airship, was destroyed in a squall line over Noble County, Ohio. Fourteen of her 42-man crew perished, including her commander, Zachary Lansdowne.
• 1933 – Yevgeniy Abalakov is the first man to reach the highest point in the Soviet Union, Communism Peak (now called Ismoil Somoni Peak and situated in Tajikistan) (7495 m).
• 1935 – Sir Malcolm Campbell reaches a speed of 304.331 miles per hour on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah, becoming the first person to drive an automobile over 300 mph
• 1939 – World War II: France, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia declare war on Germany after the invasion of Poland, forming the Allies.
• 1941 – The Holocaust: Karl Fritzsch, deputy camp commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp, experiments with the use of Zyklon B in the gassing of Soviet POWs.
• 1942 – World War II: In response to news of its coming liquidation, Dov Lopatyn leads an uprising in the Ghetto of Lakhva, in present-day Belarus.
• 1944 – Holocaust: diarist Anne Frank and her family are placed on the last transport train from Westerbork to Auschwitz, arriving three days later.
• 1945 – Three-day celebration was held in China, following the Victory over Japan Day on September 2.
• 1950 – "Nino" Farina becomes the first Formula One Drivers' champion after winning the 1950 Italian Grand Prix.
• 1951 – The first long-running American television soap opera, Search for Tomorrow, airs its first episode on the CBS network.
• 1954 – The People's Liberation Army begins shelling the Republic of China-controlled islands of Quemoy, starting the First Taiwan Strait Crisis.
• 1954 – The German U-Boat U-505 begins its move from a specially constructed dock to its final site at Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry.
• 1967 – Dagen H in Sweden: traffic changes from driving on the left to driving on the right overnight.
• 1971 – Qatar becomes an independent state
• 1976 – Viking program: The American Viking 2 spacecraft lands at Utopia Planitia on Mars.
• 1987 – In a coup d'état in Burundi, President Jean-Baptiste Bagaza is deposed by Major Pierre Buyoya.
• 1994 – Sino-Soviet Split: Russia and the People's Republic of China agree to de-target their nuclear weapons against each other.
• 1997 – A Vietnam Airlines Tupolev TU-134 crashes on approach into Phnom Penh airport, killing 64.
• 1999 – An 87-automobile pile-up happens on Highway 401 freeway just East of Windsor, Ontario, Canada after an unusually thick fog from Lake St. Clair.
• 2004 – Beslan school hostage crisis – day 3: the Beslan hostage crisis ends with the deaths of over 300 people, more than half of which are children.

[edit]Births

• 1034 – Emperor Go-Sanjō of Japan (d. 1073)
• 1499 – Diane de Poitiers, French noblewoman and mistress of King Henry II of France (d. 1566)
• 1568 – Adriano Banchieri, Italian composer (d. 1634)
• 1675 – Paul Dudley, Attorney-General of Massachusetts (d. 1751)
• 1693 – Charles Radclyffe, British politician (d. 1746)
• 1695 – Pietro Locatelli, Italian composer (d. 1764)
• 1710 – Abraham Trembley, Swiss naturalist (d. 1784)
• 1724 – Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, British soldier and Governor of Quebec (d. 1808)
• 1760 – James 'Pearlie' Wilson, Scottish revolutionary (d. 1820)
• 1781 – Eugène de Beauharnais, French nobleman, son of Joséphine de Beauharnais and adoptive son of Napoleon Bonaparte (d. 1824)
• 1810 – Paul Kane, Canadian painter (d. 1871)
• 1811 – John Humphrey Noyes, American political and religious figure (d. 1886)
• 1820 – George Hearst, American businessman, father of William Randolph Hearst (d. 1891)
• 1841 – Tom Emmett, England cricketer (d. 1904)
• 1849 – Sarah Orne Jewett, American writer (d. 1909)
• 1851 – Olga Konstantinovna of Russia, Queen of Greece (d. 1926)
• 1856 – Louis Sullivan, American architect (d. 1924)
• 1856 – Robert Stewart, South African cricketer (d. 1913)
• 1869 – Fritz Pregl, Slovenian chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1930)
• 1875 – Ferdinand Porsche, Austrian automotive engineer (d. 1951)
• 1882 – Johnny Douglas, England cricketer and boxer (d. 1930)
• 1887 – Frank Christian, American trumpeter (d. 1973)
• 1897 – Sally Benson, American writer (d. 1972)
• 1899 – Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australian biologist, Nobel laureate (d. 1985)
• 1900 – Maurice Dobb, British economist (d. 1976)
• 1900 – Urho Kekkonen, Finnish politician (d. 1986)
• 1900 – Percy Chapman, England cricketer (d. 1961)
• 1901 – Eduard van Beinum, Dutch conductor (d. 1959)
• 1905 – Carl David Anderson, American physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 1991)
• 1905 – John Mills, New Zealand cricketer (d. 1972)
• 1907 – Loren Eiseley, American anthropologist (d. 1977)
• 1908 – Lev Semenovich Pontryagin, Russian mathematician (d. 1988)
• 1910 – Kitty Carlisle, American actress and television personality (d. 2007)
• 1910 – Maurice Papon, French Nazi collaborator (d. 2007)
• 1911 – Bernard Mammes, American cyclist (d. 2000)
• 1913 – Alan Ladd, American actor (d. 1964)
• 1914 – Dixy Lee Ray, American politician (d. 1994)
• 1916 – Eddie Stanky, American baseball player (d. 1999)
• 1918 – Helen Wagner, American actress (d. 2010)
• 1920 – Les Medley, English footballer (d. 2001)
• 1921 – Marguerite Higgins, American reporter and war correspondent, Pulitzer Prize winner (d. 1966)
• 1921 – Thurston Dart, English harpsichordist and conductor (d. 1971)
• 1923 – Mort Walker, American cartoonist (Beetle Bailey, Hi and Lois)
• 1925 – Bengt Lindström, Swedish outdoor artist (d. 2008)
• 1925 – Shoista Mullojonova, Tajikistani Shashmakom singer (d. 2010)
• 1925 – Hank Thompson, American singer (d. 2007)
• 1926 – Alison Lurie, American novelist
• 1926 – Irene Papas, Greek actress
• 1928 – Gaston Thorn, Luxembourg politician, 8th Prime Minister of Luxembourg and 7th President of the European Commission (d. 2007)
• 1929 – James J. Bulger, former crime boss who led the Winter Hill Gang based in Massachusetts.
• 1929 – Carlo Clerici, Swiss cyclist (d. 2007)
• 1929 – Armand Vaillancourt, Canadian sculptor and painter
• 1930 – Cherry Wilder, New Zealand science fiction and fantasy writer (d. 2002)
• 1931 – Albert DeSalvo, American serial killer (accused to be the "Boston Strangler") (d. 1973)
• 1931 – Dick Motta, American basketball coach
• 1932 – Eileen Brennan, American actress
• 1933 – Tompall Glaser, American singer
• 1933 – Basil Butcher, West Indian cricketer
• 1934 – Freddie King, American blues guitarist and singer (d. 1976)
• 1935 – Helmut Clasen, Canadian offroad racer
• 1936 – Pilar Pallete, Peruvian actress and third wife of American movie star John Wayne
• 1936 – Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of Tunisia
• 1938 – Caryl Churchill, English playwright
• 1938 – Ryōji Noyori, Japanese chemist, Nobel laureate
• 1940 – Eduardo Galeano, Uruguayan journalist
• 1940 – Pauline Collins, English actress
• 1941 – Sergei Dovlatov, Russian writer (d. 1990)
• 1942 – Al Jardine, American guitarist (The Beach Boys)
• 1942 – John Shrapnel, English actor
• 1943 – Valerie Perrine, American actress
• 1943 – Frank Lister, English footballer
• 1947 – Eric Bell, Irish guitarist (Thin Lizzy)
• 1947 – Kjell Magne Bondevik, Norwegian politician
• 1948 – Fotis Kouvelis, Greek lawyer and politician
• 1948 – Levy Mwanawasa, President of Zambia (d. 2008)
• 1949 – Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria, Cypriot-born 129th Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa (d. 2004)
• 1949 – José Pekerman, Argentine football manager
• 1950 – Doug Pinnick, American bassist and singer (King's X)
• 1951 – Denys Hobson, South African cricketer
• 1953 – Jean-Pierre Jeunet, French film director
• 1955 – Steve Jones, English guitarist (Sex Pistols)
• 1956 – Pat McGeown, Northern Irish Provisional Irish Republican Army member (d. 1996)
• 1957 – Garth Ancier, American television executive
• 1957 – Earl Cureton, American basketball player
• 1959 – Merritt Butrick, American actor (d. 1989)
• 1962 – Costas Mandylor, Australian actor
• 1963 – Mubarak Ghanim, United Arab Emirates footballer
• 1963 – Malcolm Gladwell, Canadian journalist and author
• 1963 – Amber Lynn, American porn star
• 1964 – Adam Curry, American Internet entrepreneur and MTV VJ
• 1964 – Spike Feresten, American television writer
• 1964 – Junaid Jamshed, Pakistani singer
• 1964 – Holt McCallany, American actor
• 1964 – Nigel Rhodes, English actor
• 1965 – Charlie Sheen, American actor
• 1966 – Vladimir Ryzhkov, Russian politician
• 1967 – Chris Gatling, American basketball player
• 1969 – Noah Baumbach, American film director
• 1969 – John Fugelsang, American actor
• 1969 – Marianna Komlos, Canadian bodybuilder, fitness model, professional wrestler and valet (d. 2004)
• 1970 – Jeremy Glick, American United Airlines Flight 93 passenger (d. 2001)
• 1970 – George Lynch, American basketball player
• 1970 – Gareth Southgate, English footballer
• 1971 – Kiran Desai, Indian writer
• 1971 – Chabeli Iglesias, Spanish journalist
• 1971 – Trevor St. John, American actor
• 1972 – Christine Boudrias, Canadian short track speed skater
• 1972 – Natalia Estrada, Spanish model and actress
• 1972 – Martin Straka, Czech ice hockey player
• 1973 – Norihiko Hibino, Japanese composer
• 1973 – Jennifer Paige, American singer-songwriter
• 1973 – Damon Stoudamire, American basketball player
• 1973 – Zita Urbonaitė, Lithuanian road cyclist (d. 2008)
• 1974 – Clare Kramer, American actress
• 1974 – Rahul Sanghvi, Indian cricketer
• 1975 – Cristobal Huet, French ice hockey player
• 1976 – Ashley Jones, American actress
• 1976 – Jevon Kearse, American football player
• 1976 – Vivek Oberoi, Indian actor
• 1977 – Rui Marques, Angolan footballer
• 1977 – Olof Mellberg, Swedish footballer
• 1977 – Nate Robertson, American baseball player
• 1978 – John Curtis, English footballer
• 1978 – Paul Moor, English ten-pin bowler
• 1978 – Michal Rozsival, Czech ice hockey player
• 1978 – Nick Wechsler, American actor
• 1978 – Valfar, Norwegian vocalist (Windir) (d. 2004)
• 1979 – Tomo Miličević, Bosnian-born American guitarist (30 Seconds to Mars)
• 1979 – Tiffany Chapman, English actress
• 1980 – The B.G., American rapper
• 1980 – Daniel Ruben Bilos, Argentinian footballer
• 1980 – Jason McCaslin ("Cone"), Canadian bassist (Sum 41)
• 1980 – Jennie Finch, American softball player
• 1981 – Fearne Cotton, British television presenter
• 1982 – Andrew McMahon, American singer and songwriter
• 1982 – Kaori Natori, Japanese singer and model
• 1982 – Tiago Rannow, Brazilian footballer
• 1983 – Augusto Farfus, Brazilian racing driver
• 1983 – Nicky Hunt, English footballer
• 1983 – Marcus McCauley, American football player
• 1983 – Valdas Vasylius, Lithuanian basketball player
• 1983 – Christine Woods, American actress
• 1984 – Garrett Hedlund, American actor
• 1984 – Seo In-Young, South Korean singer
• 1985 – Scott Carson, English footballer
• 1985 – Kelvin Wilson, English footballer
• 1986 – Shaun White, American snowboarder and skateboarder
• 1987 – Chris Fountain, English actor
• 1993 – Rina Koike, Japanese junior idol

[edit]Deaths

• 264 – Sun Xiu, third emperor of Eastern Wu
• 863 – Umar al-Aqta, Emir of Melitene (birth year unknown)
• 1402 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan (b. 1351)
• 1420 – Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, regent of Scotland (b. c. 1340)
• 1592 – Robert Greene, English writer (b. 1558)
• 1634 – Edward Coke, English jurist and Member of Parliament (b. 1552)
• 1653 – Claudius Salmasius, French classical scholar (b. 1588)
• 1658 – Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England (b. 1599)
• 1662 – William Lenthall, English politician (b. 1591)
• 1720 – Henri de Massue, Earl of Galway, French soldier and diplomat (b. 1648)
• 1722 – Ivan Skoropadsky, Hetman of the Ukrainian Cossacks (b. 1646)
• 1729 – Jean Hardouin, French scholar (b. 1646)
• 1766 – Archibald Bower, Scottish historian (b. 1686)
• 1808 – John Montgomery, American Continental congressman (b. 1722)
• 1857 – John McLoughlin, Canadian trapper (b. 1784)
• 1860 – Aleksey Khomyakov, Russian poet (b. 1804)
• 1866 – Konstantin Flavitsky, Russian painter (b. 1830)
• 1883 – Ivan Turgenev, Russian novelist and playwright (b. 1818)
• 1886 – William W. Snow, American politician (b. 1812)
• 1893 – James Harrison, Scottish-born Australian newspaper printer, journalist, politician and pioneer in the field of mechanical refrigeration (b. 1816)
• 1903 – Joseph Skipsey, British poet (b. 1832)
• 1914 – Albéric Magnard, French composer (b. 1865)
• 1936 – Nikita Balieff, Armenian vaudevillian and impresario (b. 1876 or 1877)
• 1948 – Edvard Beneš, 2nd President of Czechoslovakia (b. 1884)
• 1954 – Marika Kotopouli, Greek actress (b. 1887)
• 1961 – Robert E. Gross, American businessman (b. 1897)
• 1962 – E. E. Cummings, American poet (b. 1894)
• 1963 – Louis MacNeice, Irish poet (b. 1907)
• 1964 – Stewart Holbrook, American writer (b. 1893)
• 1967 – James Dunn, American actor (b. 1905)
• 1967 – Francis Ouimet, American golfer and businessman(b.1893)
• 1968 – Isabel Withers, American actress (b. 1896)
• 1969 – John Lester, American cricketer (b. 1871)
• 1970 – Vince Lombardi, American football coach (b. 1913)
• 1970 – Alan "Blind Owl" Wilson, American singer and gutarist (Canned Heat) (b. 1943)
• 1974 – Harry Partch, American composer (b. 1901)
• 1978 – Karin Molander, Swedish actress (b. 1889)
• 1980 – Dirch Passer, Danish actor (b. 1926)
• 1980 – Duncan Renaldo, American actor (b. 1904)
• 1981 – Alec Waugh, English writer (b. 1898)
• 1983 – Ellie Lambeti, Greek actress (b. 1926)
• 1985 – Johnny Marks, American singer (b. 1909)
• 1986 – Beryl Markham, Kenyan horse trainer, adventurer, aviatrix and memoir writer (b. 1902)
• 1987 – Morton Feldman, American composer (b. 1926)
• 1989 – Gaetano Scirea, Italian footballer (b. 1953)
• 1991 – Frank Capra, American film director (b. 1897)
• 1994 – James T. Aubrey, American television executive (b. 1918)
• 1994 – Major Lance, American singer (b. 1939)
• 1994 – Billy Wright, English footballer (b. 1924)
• 1996 – Emily Kngwarreye, Australian painter (b. 1910)
• 2000 – Edward Anhalt, American screenwriter (b. 1914)
• 2001 – Pauline Kael, American film critic (b. 1919)
• 2001 – Thuy Trang, Vietnamese-born American actress (b. 1973)
• 2002 – Kenneth Hare, Canadian climatologist and academic (b. 1919)
• 2002 – W. Clement Stone, American entrepreneur (b. 1902)
• 2003 – Paul Jennings Hill, American anti-abortion murderer (b. 1954)
• 2005 – R. S. R. Fitter, British ornithologist and botanist (b. 1913)
• 2005 – William Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1924)
• 2007 – Carter Albrecht, American keyboardist and guitarist (Edie Brickell & New Bohemians) (b. 1973)
• 2007 – Syd Jackson, New Zealand Māori activist and trade unionist (b. 1939)
• 2007 – Steve Ryan, American actor (b. 1947)
• 2007 – Jane Tomlinson, British charity fund raiser (b. 1964)
• 2008 – Donald Blakeslee, American World War II aviator (b. 1917)
• 2010 – Noah Howard, American jazz musician (b. 1943)
• 2010 – Robert Schimmel, American stand-up comedian (b. 1950)