"Foreign talent will bring 1000 people," Hu commitment made stealth

"Foreign talent will bring 1000 people," Hu commitment made stealth
[JoongAng Ilbo] input 01/18/2011 01:24 / Edit 01/18/2011 10:17
Seuchangswi 91 years the U.S. has been crossed, leading to the engine body and the neurological development of
    

Dr. seuchangswi 14 days (right) after winning the best technology and the place was with President Hu Jintao. [Beijing, Xinhua news agency Yonhap News]
Zen originated in China's first stealth combat (歼) -20 as the engine of its own technology to produce the fuselage for his contribution seuchangswi (师昌绪 sachangseo, 91), the nation's premier science and technology award for Dr China Youth Daily that the 17 beams reported Wednesday. The nation's premier science and technology awards Hu (胡锦涛 hogeumdo) President Hu Jintao awarded the prestigious science and technology that is Phase. Injuries in the military sector and contributed to the modernization of China's highest honor and a senior scientist will. Hu hwakbojeon the usual stealth fighter depends on their success in securing the talent that came out.

Chinese Academy of Sciences yarn (院士 top honors in science and technology titles) with Dr. Zhen -20 switch developed by China, as well as special alloys used for jet engines has led to the development. The heat-resistant alloy materials developed by Dr. scan feature excellent flying supersonic jets have to pass the fitness assessment.

In the middle of the war against Japan in the 1940s Xi'an (西安) of the sibeyi (西北) graduated from Kogakuin scan, Dr. Pu poyeon of the civil war 48 years ago, two sinks in the materials across the United States was studying engineering.

6.25 50 years of war in the peninsula, China and Korea will face pabyeonghae U.S. government because of the high-tech leak protection in September next year, switch boxes, etc. that were active in its 35 Chinese scientific brain was prevented from leaving.


China due to the first stealth combat Zen (歼) -20 '. Dr. Zhen -20 seuchangswi development of the engine, fuselage, a big contribution. [Middle photo]
Doctor scan three years the U.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) research assistant in the country for life and ran in every way. Returning home to India to find a bypass to the Bengal Institute of Technology researchers have recognized, but were forced to place. Chinese bilateral manbo (扬子 晩 报) According to switch doctors and other scientists to China during two makhija Dwight Eisenhower sent a letter to U.S. President urged Americans to return home. Congress and foreign-related institutions had more than 200 rolls of sending an appeal.


Russia, middle, and eventually develop a stealth fighter to India after 55 years of U.S. and, through consultations, Ph.D., Depart switch barred 40 people 35 people 75 plus to climb to the Chinese scientific brains were returning home. Scan time, the advisor of Ph.D. 'Why the tough road to go. Conditions of low income would not be too bad, 'he was caught in Beijing singyeongbo (新京报) said. Doctor scan the answer was firm. "I is Chinese. Own country who do not work you can not walk away from difficult. "

The following year the inaugural project in 2003 as a national talent Hu had put cloth plan in January 2008 (千人 计划), including the highly qualified foreign scientists of the star recruit 1,000 people, has been conducting a project. The next 10 years, China needs to develop science, technology and finance areas of the brain with 1,000 people in the best strategy is reassuring. Accordingly, the global biologist seuyigung (施一公) Dr. Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the proposed U.S. $ 1,000,000 (approximately 11 million), an unconventional country's spending on research, Tsinghua (淸 华) vs. Life Sciences Institute is in charge. Winner of the prestigious mathematics piljeusang yawoosingtung (丘成桐) Harvard University Center for Mathematics and Science Director of the Tsinghua University in 2009 was invited to.


Brain that figure to attract one million yuan grant settlement (about 170 million won) to support and benefit from foreign countries as it was batdeon guaranteed. Spouses, as well as housing, medical care and education to employment, such as guarantees amounting to 12 kinds of incentives.

Hong Kong = jeongyonghwan correspondent, bakbangju science reporter

“해외 인재 1000명 데려와라” 스텔스 만든 후진타오 집념

[중앙일보] 입력 2011.01.18 01:24 / 수정 2011.01.18 10:17

미국서 건너왔던 91세 스창쉬, 엔진 동체 개발로 최고과학상

14일 스창쉬 박사(오른쪽)가 최고과학기술상을 받은 뒤 후진타오 주석과 자리를 함께했다. [베이징 신화통신=연합뉴스]

중국 최초의 스텔스 전투기인 젠(殲)-20의 엔진 동체를 자체 기술로 생산하는 데 기여한 공로로 스창쉬(師昌緖·사창서·91) 박사가 국가최고과학기술상을 수상했다고 중국청년보가 17일 보도했다. 국가최고과학기술상은 후진타오(胡錦濤·호금도) 국가주석이 수여하는 최고 권위의 과학기술상이다. 군사 부문에서 부상하고 있는 중국이 군 현대화에 기여한 원로 과학자에게 최고의 예우를 한 것이다. 후 주석은 평소 스텔스 전투기 확보전의 성패는 인재 확보에 달려 있다고 밝혀왔다.

중국과학원 원사(院士·과학기술 분야 최고 영예 칭호)인 스 박사는 젠-20을 비롯해 중국이 개발한 제트기 엔진에 쓰이는 특수합금 개발을 주도해왔다. 스 박사가 개발한 합금 재료는 내열 기능이 뛰어나 초음속으로 비행하는 제트기에 대한 적합성 평가를 통과했다.

항일전쟁이 한창이던 1940년대 시안(西安)의 시베이(西北)공학원을 졸업한 스 박사는 국공 내전의 포연이 가라앉기도 전인 48년 미국으로 건너가 재료공학을 공부했다.

50년 6·25전쟁 중 중국이 한반도에 파병해 미국·한국에 맞서자 미 정부는 첨단기술 유출 방지를 이유로 이듬해 9월 스 박스 등 자국에서 활동 중이던 중국인 과학 두뇌 35명의 출국을 금지했다.

중국의 첫 스텔스 전투기인 ‘젠(殲)-20’. 스창쉬 박사는 젠-20의 엔진 동체 개발에 큰 기여를 했다. [중앙포토]

스 박사는 3년간 미 매사추세츠공과대학(MIT)에서 보조 연구원 생활을 하며 귀국을 위해 백방으로 뛰었다. 인도로 우회해 귀국길을 찾기 위해 벵골 공대에 연구원 자리를 알아봤으나 무산됐다. 중국 양자만보(揚子晩報)에 따르면 스 박사와 다른 과학자들은 중국행이 막히자 당시 드와이트 아이젠하워 미 대통령에게 편지를 보내 귀국을 호소했다. 미 의회와 외교 관련 기관에 200여 통의 호소문을 보내기도 했다.

러·중·일 이어 인도까지 스텔스 전투기 개발

결국 55년 미·중 협의를 통해 스 박사 등 출국 금지됐던 35명에 40명을 더한 75명의 중국 과학 두뇌가 귀국길에 오를 수 있었다. 당시 스 박사의 지도교수는 ‘왜 험난한 길로 가려고 하는가. 수입도 적고 연구 여건도 좋지 않을 텐데’라며 붙잡았다고 베이징 신경보(新京報)는 전했다. 스 박사의 대답은 단호했다. “저는 중국인입니다. 조국이 일할 사람이 없어 어려운데 외면할 수 없습니다.”

취임 이듬해인 2003년 인재 확보를 국가 과제로 내걸었던 후 주석은 2008년 1월부터 천인계획(千人計劃)에 따라 해외의 스타 과학자 등 고급 인력 1000명을 영입하는 프로젝트를 실시하고 있다. 향후 10년간 중국 발전에 필요한 과학·기술·금융 등의 분야에서 최우수 두뇌 1000명을 확보하겠다는 전략이다. 이에 따라 세계적인 생물학자 스이궁(施一公) 박사는 미국 하워드휴스 의학연구소가 제안한 100만 달러(약 11억원)의 연구 지원비를 마다하고 귀국, 칭화(淸華)대 생명과학원 원장을 맡고 있다. 수학 분야 최고 권위의 필즈상 수상자인 야우싱퉁(丘成桐) 하버드대 교수는 2009년 칭화대 수학과학센터 주임으로 초빙됐다.


유치 두뇌들에겐 정착보조금 100만 위안(약 1억7000만원)을 지원하고 외국에서 받던 급여도 그대로 보장했다. 주택·의료·교육뿐 아니라 배우자 취업까지 보장하는 등 인센티브가 12가지에 이른다.

홍콩=정용환 특파원, 박방주 과학전문기자

workers became the richest man in the secret

中(china) beverage companies 'Wahaha' Meet the President of the jjungchingheowoo ... workers became the richest man in the secret
Hangzhou = Sensing news sbkim@chosun.com


Type: 01.31.2011 03:00 / Revision: 31/01/2011 03:03
"领先 半步" (Yeongseon half, half a step to be successful, go ahead)
Established 42 years, borrowing money, the crack in retail outfit worn to work in an office
"Korea beverages, 中 appetite for successful localization requires more illogical ..."

China's rich are wearing the right sleeve of the cardigan was worn haejyeo. There was one office, the walls slightly cracked, the walls were peeling chilkkaji over here too. 13.54 trillion won the richest man in China too has the property of the office of his attire was a surprise.

The past 26 days, Zhejiang, China (浙江省) Hangzhou (杭州), China's largest beverage company Wahaha on (娃哈哈) met in our jjungchingheowoo (宗庆后 66) said: "Our office building and a waste to spend money to fix "said," If I plant jitgetda money, "he said.


▲ China's leading beverage companies rich 'Wahaha' s jjungchingheowoo (宗庆后) president. Jjung President "followed by others, and pursued them so much that can not succeed But ahead, consumers can walk away," he introduced a successful business know-how. / Gettyimages multi-WITZ
Jjung president's position in China to investigate the rich COMPILER (胡润) Research published last year 's signed rank' personal property from 80 billion yuan (about 13.54 trillion won) was ranked as one. Forbes magazine published by the American rich, the richest man in China, took his place in the standings.

China 'richest' right to the testimony, he replied, "Ranking the rich does not mean much," said "Most of the money to invest once thought," he said. Chairman of the Chinese stand yeonhyuin jjung chunje (春节) period, the company would continue to have to work. "The ease with which they have to breathe other people can not win," he said.

Bottled water, carbonated beverages, dairy products, such as selling more than 100 companies and thousands of Wahaha nanriphae in the Chinese beverage market, with approximately 20% of the share has been maintained.

The company's revenue last year, 54.9 billion yuan (9.3 trillion won), which rose 27.1 percent over the previous year. Last year, the largest of private companies in China 10 billion yuan (1.7 trillion won), tied for the benefit.

In China, 'Great drinks, known as is his typical self-made businessmen.

Born in Hangzhou in 1945 until he attended junior high school. He could not afford to afford homes and farms and stop studying tea (茶) manufacturing plant, has worked at the company e-meter.

That the company was founded in 1987 at the age of 42. He along with a retired teacher and two 14 manwianeul borrow from the bank and started up a company in Hangzhou. Drinks and ice cream, was to supply stationery to the school. Today, it's motaeda Wahaha. 'Wahaha (娃哈哈)' The name of the firm 'children (娃) the laughter of the' derived from.

Penny each in 1000 to sell the products sold close to 10 trillion won of corporate officials what the secret?

"To succeed in business you'll not actually follow behind others. But so hard to get ahead, the market's response. More than half a step ahead of competitors (领先 半步 Yeongseon half) is more likely to succeed."

Jjung 1989 became chairman of Wahaha's footsteps and has developed a nutritional drink for children. Time for a lot of companies that make nutrition a child-focused, but it was the first time. The result was a great success. "The reform and opening people's incomes increase, since there is only one parent for a child to spend more money as they thought," he said.

For a lot of factories in China, as concerns about water pollution and clean areas such as northwestern China accused of making bottled water then there was his idea. Skipping breakfast, noted that the increasing number of people, breakfast meals, and laid out to drink, functional beverages had revenue of more than 10 billion yuan last year.

Wahaha in 1998 the 'peyichang (非常) Coke' With the launch of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola in the market was dominated plunged. President jjung attacking from the front without hitting a strategy in terms of (侧翼 进攻 cheukikjingong) chose to. Focusing on the city government focused on marketing, foreign companies and from other rural areas will pagodeun. Jjung said: "As lifestyles change in rural areas the demand for foreign cola drink, I saw that," he said. Chinese Coke Cola page window accounted for 16 percent of the market.

58 locations throughout China, Wahaha has production plants and wholesale worth tens of thousands, was to build a sales network. "China is also looking into a market that is not" and "according to the characteristics of each local business strategy should be (入 鄕 随俗 iphyang procedures)," he said. '领先 半步' (half feet out ahead) '' 侧翼 进攻 '(flank)' 入 鄕 随俗 '(hyeonjimilchakhyeong marketing), chairman of the jjung is the famous three management strategies.

He still is known to all payments directly. Strong leadership is also emphasized. But that seems to be good for the employee benefits. All employees (30,000 people) can only take a trip each year, city workers tolerable level of 3,000 yuan a month's salary to be paid. Employees are from out of town to clear out of the house elementary students with children makes grants to employees.

He in the future 'a well' plans to sell. "I do not know, like real estate as the field will not advance," said "over the future of China as a global beverage company to raise goals," he said.

Food companies with a presence in China, South Korea When asked for advice, "local artists need more," he said. "(Korea Food and beverage) taste somehow does not fit Chinese tastes. Former president of South Korea SMEs around with their Chinese employees the news about it in the image shown is a good side. Staff truly embrace the effort is required. "

中 음료업체 '와하하'의 쭝칭허우 회장을 만나다… 노동자에서 최고부자 된 비결

• 항저우=김승범 기자 sbkim@chosun.com 

입력 : 2011.01.31 03:00 / 수정 : 2011.01.31 03:03

"領先半步"(영선반보·성공하려면 반 걸음만 앞서 가라)
42세에 돈 빌려 창업, 소매 닳아 해진 옷 입고 금 간 사무실에서 일해
"한국음료, 中 입맛 안맞아… 성공 위해 현지화 더 필요"

중국 최고 부자가 입고 있는 카디건의 오른쪽 소매는 닳아 해져 있었다. 집무실 한쪽 벽엔 살짝 금이 가 있었고, 벽 여기저기엔 칠까지 벗겨져 있었다. 13조5400억원 재산을 가진 중국 최고 부자라고 하기엔 그의 옷차림도 사무실도 뜻밖이었다.

지난 26일 중국 저장성(浙江省) 항저우(杭州)에 있는 중국 최대 음료업체 와하하(娃哈哈) 본사에서 만난 쭝칭허우(宗慶後·66) 회장은 "본사 건물과 사무실 고치는 데 돈을 쓰는 것은 낭비"라며 "그럴 돈이 있으면 공장을 짓겠다"고 했다.

▲ 중국 최고 부자인 음료업체 ‘와하하’의 쭝칭허우(宗慶後) 회장. 쭝 회장은 “남들 뒤를 쫓아가서는 성공할 수 없고 그렇다고 너무 많이 앞서나가도 소비자가 외면할 수 있다”며 사업 성공 노하우를 소개했다. /Gettyimages멀티비츠

쭝 회장은 중국 부자 순위를 조사하는 후룬(胡潤)연구소가 지난해 발표한 '부호 순위'에서 개인 재산 800억위안(약 13조5400억원)으로 1위에 올랐다. 미국 경제전문지 포브스가 발표한 부자 순위에서도 중국 최고 갑부 자리를 차지했다.

'중국 최고 부자'에 오른 소감을 묻자 그는 "부자 순위는 큰 의미가 없다"며 "번 돈은 대부분 투자를 할 생각"이라고 말했다. 쭝 회장은 중국의 설 연휴인 춘제(春節) 기간에도 회사에 계속 출근할 것이라고 했다. 그는 "남들 쉴 때 같이 쉬어서는 그들을 이길 수 없다"고 말했다.

생수·탄산음료·유제품 등 100여 가지 제품을 팔고 있는 와하하는 수천개 회사가 난립해 있는 중국 음료시장에서 약 20%의 점유율을 유지하고 있다.

이 회사의 작년 매출은 549억위안(9조3000억원)으로, 전년보다 27.1% 증가했다. 지난해 중국 민영회사 중 최대 규모인 100억위안(1조7000억원)의 이익을 거뒀다.

중국에서 '음료대왕'으로 불리는 그는 대표적인 자수성가형 기업인이다.

1945년 항저우에서 태어난 그는 중학교까지만 다녔다. 가정 형편이 넉넉하지 못했던 그는 학업을 중단하고 농장과 차(茶)생산 공장, 전자계량기 회사 등에서 일했다.

회사를 창업한 것은 42세 되던 1987년. 그는 퇴직 교사 2명과 함께 은행에서 14만위안을 빌려 항저우에 회사를 차렸다. 음료수와 아이스크림, 문구류를 학교에 납품하는 일이었다. 그것이 오늘날 와하하의 모태다. '와하하(娃哈哈)'라는 회사명은 '어린이(娃)의 웃음 소리'에서 따왔다.

개당 1000원도 안 되는 제품을 팔아 매출 10조원에 가까운 기업을 일군 비결은 무엇일까?

"사업에서 성공하려면 남들 뒤를 따라가서는 안 되겠죠. 그렇다고 너무 앞서나가면 시장의 호응을 얻기 힘듭니다. 경쟁자보다 반 걸음만 앞서나가도(領先半步·영선반보) 성공할 가능성이 큽니다."

1989년 쭝 회장은 와하하의 발판이 된 어린이 영양음료를 개발했다. 당시 영양음료를 만드는 회사는 많았지만 어린이에게 초점을 맞춘 것은 처음이었다. 결과는 대성공이었다. 그는 "개혁·개방 이후 사람들의 소득이 증가하면서 하나밖에 없는 자식을 위해 부모들이 더 많은 돈을 쓸 것으로 생각했다"고 말했다. 

중국에 공장이 많이 들어서면서 수질오염에 대한 우려가 커지자 중국 서북부 등 깨끗한 지역의 물로 생수를 만들기로 한 것도 그의 아이디어였다. 아침 식사를 거르는 사람들이 늘어나는 것에 주목, 아침식사 대용으로 마실 수 있는 기능성 음료를 내놓아 지난해 100억위안 이상의 매출을 올렸다.

1998년 와하하는 '페이창(非常)콜라'를 출시하면서 코카콜라와 펩시콜라가 장악하고 있던 콜라 시장에 뛰어들었다. 쭝 회장은 정면에서 부딪히지 않고 측면에서 공략하는 전략(側翼進攻·측익진공)을 택했다. 대도시를 중심으로 마케팅을 펼쳤던 외국 회사와 달리 농촌부터 파고든 것. 쭝 회장은 "생활방식이 변하면서 농촌에서도 외국 음료인 콜라에 대한 수요가 있다고 봤다"고 말했다. 페이창콜라는 중국 콜라 시장의 16%를 차지하고 있다.

와하하는 중국 전역에 58곳의 생산공장을 보유하고 있고, 수만개에 달하는 도매·영업망을 구축했다. 그는 "중국은 하나의 시장으로 봐서는 안 된다"며 "각 지방 특성에 맞는 영업 전략을 구사해야 한다(入鄕隨俗·입향수속)"고 말했다. '領先半步'(반 발만 앞서나간다)' '側翼進攻'(측면공격) '入鄕隨俗'(현지밀착형 마케팅)은 쭝 회장의 유명한 3대 경영 전략이다.

그는 아직도 모든 결재를 직접 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 또 강력한 리더십을 강조한다. 하지만 직원에 대한 복지혜택은 좋은 편이다. 모든 직원(3만명)이 해마다 여행을 다녀올 수 있도록 웬만한 도시 근로자의 한 달치 월급 수준인 3000위안을 지급한다. 외지에서 온 직원에게는 집을 마련해주고 초등학생 자녀를 둔 직원에게는 학자금을 지원한다.

그는 앞으로도 '한 우물'을 팔 계획이다. 그는 "부동산업처럼 잘 모르는 영역으로는 진출하지 않을 것"이라며 "앞으로 중국을 넘어 세계적인 음료업체로 키우는 게 목표"라고 말했다.

중국에 진출해 있는 한국 식품회사에 대해 충고를 부탁하자, "현지화가 더 필요하다"고 말했다. "(한국 식품과 음료는) 어딘지 모르게 맛이 중국 사람 입맛에 딱 맞지 않습니다. 예전에 한국 중소기업 사장들이 중국 직원들을 함부로 대한 게 뉴스로 나와 이미지가 안 좋은 측면도 있습니다. 직원을 진심으로 끌어안는 노력이 필요합니다."

A unified Korea possesses nuclear weapons?中 日 experts are "," "should"

A unified Korea possesses nuclear weapons?中 日 experts are "," "should" Davos = choewooseok reporters wschoi@chosun.com

Type: 01.31.2011 03:00 / Revision: 31/01/2011 03:01 41st Forum in Davos (WEF) Closing ... peninsula sesyeonseo 'unification' after debate 中 "no nuclear threat to the surrounding" ... 日 "非核 unification of a democratic government"
Closing on the eve of the 29th (local time) day World Economic Forum (WEF) annual meeting held in Davos, Switzerland, China and Japan in Korea after unification and foreign experts argued in a debate over the scenario. Davos this year's session, only Korea-related 'if the unification of the peninsula dalrajina' thought.
Realistic Foreign Policy, China is regarded as the representative of yenswetung (阎学通) Tsinghua (淸 华) vs. the Institute of International Affairs "The reunification of Korea has nuclear weapons does not pose a threat to neighboring countries such as China," he said.

▲ 29 days in Davos, Switzerland at the World Economic Forum annual meeting attended by experts after unification scenarios has been discussed. From left Albany College of Administration Director kisyoreu coachman, Yonsei University Professor Moon Chung, Kim motivated reputation church pastor, former Japanese Foreign Minister Yoriko Kawaguchi, yenswetung Tsinghua University Institute of International Affairs Director, Patrick Cronin Director of New American Security Institute. / AP "The North Koreans already have nuclear weapons because the reunification of Korea to possess nuclear weapons can not help but reality must admit," said "already, China, Russia and India and Pakistan possess nuclear weapons, surrounded by which nuclear power is one more would increase the difference There is nothing, "he said. Director of Yen "Even if South Korea is led by a unified Korea that unification is unlikely to use nuclear weapons, nor the U.S. will not be tolerated," said "to unify a population of over 70 million people in Korea and Japan is going to have economic power, but that the threat to China He is not a threat, "he said.
However, Yoriko Kawaguchi (川口顺子) Former Japanese foreign minister to face glowing, "the presence of nuclear weapons, the Japanese, and unification of Korea is difficult to accept," he said, "If the unification of the peninsula must be nuclear-qualified for a democratic government should take. Unified nuclear Korea neverPlease do not take in, "he said.
Yonsei University Professor Moon Chung "unification should not be looking at a zero-sum game" and "unified Korea, if the market economy and democracy followed the end of the economic community, including Japan and the United States and multilateral security system, what would be involved in the threat be? . reuniting all the winners (胜者) in-game, "he said.
In Davos the day the United States and Europe to grow and shrink over financial feud (舌战) won. Timothy Geithner, U.S. Treasury Secretary "nations around the world needs to focus more on growth rather than tighten monetary policy," said Europe, but German Chancellor Angela Merkel indirectly tweaked the "tightening does not necessarily mean low growth. Germany and the International Finance hagodo grew 3.6% last year, "he retorted.
Five Nordic countries and the joint press conference with Prime Minister to open both the United States and Southern European countries have criticized. 

통일한국 핵보유? 中·日전문가 "된다" "안된다"

• 다보스=최우석 기자 wschoi@chosun.com 

• 

입력 : 2011.01.31 03:00 / 수정 : 2011.01.31 03:01

제41차 다보스포럼(WEF) 폐막… 한반도 세션서 '통일 이후' 격론
中 "핵보유 주변에 위협 안돼"… 日 "非核 민주정부가 통일을"

폐막을 하루 앞둔 29일(현지시각) 낮 세계경제포럼(WEF)의 연례회의가 열리는 스위스 다보스에서는 중국과 일본 등의 외교 전문가들이 한반도 통일 이후의 시나리오를 놓고 격론을 벌였다. 올해 다보스포럼의 유일한 한국 관련 세션인 '한반도가 통일된다면 어떻게 달라지나'에서였다.

중국 현실주의 외교정책론의 대표 주자로 꼽히는 옌쉐퉁(閻學通) 칭화(淸華)대 국제문제연구소장은 "통일한국의 핵무기 보유가 중국 등 주변국에 위협이 되지 않는다"고 주장했다.

▲ 스위스 다보스에서 29일 열린 세계경제포럼 연례회의에 참석한 전문가들이 한반도 통일 이후의 시나리오에 대해 토론하고 있다. 사진 왼쪽부터 키쇼르 마부바니 행정대학원장, 문정인 연세대 교수, 명성교회 김삼환 목사, 가와구치 요리코 전 일본 외상, 옌쉐퉁 칭화대 국제문제연구소장, 패트릭 크로닌 뉴아메리칸안보연구소 국장. /연합뉴스

그는 "북한이 이미 핵무기를 보유하고 있기 때문에 통일한국이 핵무기를 가질 수밖에 없는 현실을 인정해야 한다"며 "이미 중국은 러시아와 인도·파키스탄 등 핵 보유 국가에 둘러싸여 있는데 핵 보유국이 하나 더 늘어난다고 해서 달라질 것은 없다"고 말했다. 옌 소장은 "설사 남한 주도로 통일이 된다 해도 통일한국이 핵무기를 사용할 가능성은 없으며, 미국이 용인하지 않을 것"이라며 "통일한국은 7000만명을 넘는 인구와 경제력을 갖게 돼 일본에는 위협이 되겠지만 중국에는 위협이 안 된다"고 했다.

그러나 가와구치 요리코(川口順子) 전 일본 외상은 상기된 표정으로 "핵무기가 존재하는 한반도 통일을 일본으로서는 수긍하기 어렵다"며 "한반도가 통일되면 반드시 비핵화된 민주 정부가 들어서야 한다. 통일한국이 결코 핵보유국으로 가지 않길 바란다"고 말했다.

문정인 연세대 교수는 "통일을 제로섬 게임으로 봐서는 안 된다"며 "통일한국이 시장경제를 하면 민주주의가 뒤따르게 되고 결국 일본·미국 등과의 경제공동체와 다자안보체제에 참여하게 될 텐데 무슨 위협이 되겠느냐. 통일은 모두가 승자(勝者)인 게임"이라고 말했다.

이날 다보스포럼에서는 미국과 유럽이 성장과 긴축재정을 놓고 설전(舌戰)을 벌였다. 티머시 가이트너 미국 재무장관은 "세계 각국이 긴축 정책보다는 성장에 더 신경 써야 한다"며 유럽을 우회적으로 꼬집었지만 앙겔라 메르켈 독일 총리는 "긴축 재정이 꼭 저성장을 의미하는 것은 아니다. 독일은 긴축 재정을 하고도 지난해 3.6%의 성장률을 기록했다"고 반박했다.

북구 5개국 총리들은 합동기자 간담회를 열어 미국과 남유럽 국가를 모두 비판했다. 

'Wikirikeuseu' founder eosanji "I want to exile in Brazil"

'Wikirikeuseu' founder eosanji "I want to exile in Brazil" ArriveNet
Type: 28.01.2011 13:33 / Revision: 01/28/2011 13:36
▲ Julian eosanji / AP The United States specializing in the discovery of the site 'wikirikeuseu' founder Julian eosanjiga exile in Brazil, and had expressed his willingness to Brazilian newspaper means 'to polrya Sao Paulo' said the 27 days. Eosanjineun from hackers in Australia, the wiki leaks through the switch en masse to the U.S. diplomatic stir in the beans produced around the world.
According to the newspaper eosanjineun recent online interview with netizens, while in Brazil, "the Brazilian government for political asylum if you allow me very happy," he said. In this regard, President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, a position that is contrary to punish eosanjiui has said. Eosanjineun about it, "a very courageous statement as" status quo "jiwooma hosepeu want to show the position as president," he said.
Eosanjineun another "diplomatic them sooner or later the U.S. government reveal very important," said additional revelations heralded. Earlier in December last year, he released a British court decision to the jewel of the Brazilian newspaper Estado de Sao Paulo and then in a telephone interview with more explosive this year with regard to the United States said it would have disclosed the contents.
Eosanjineun time around the world and more than 100 international organizations, diplomatic on websites other than as two will be released publicly in the form of such activities to consider ways to broaden the range, he said.
Eosanjineun of the United States to Hollywood filmmaking with the material itself and those related to driving, "actor Will Smith starred in hope," he said. Hollywood filmmakers in Australia, according to eosanjiui autobiography is published, review the film are known.
Eosanjiui autobiography, 'The most dangerous man in the world' in the title will be published in Australia. Autobiography of his life since childhood, as well as wikirikeuseu founded in 2006 and recently released diplomatic controversy surrounding the lighting and concentrated.

'위키리크스' 설립자 어산지 "브라질로 망명하고 싶다"

• 조선닷컴

입력 : 2011.01.28 13:33 / 수정 : 2011.01.28 13:36

▲ 줄리언 어산지 /연합뉴스

미국의 폭로전문 사이트 ‘위키리크스’의 창립자인 줄리언 어산지가 브라질로 망명하고 싶다는 뜻을 뜻을 밝혔다고 브라질 일간지 ‘폴랴 데 상파울루’가 27일 보도했다. 어산지는 호주의 해커 출신으로, 위키리크스를 통해 미국의 외교 전문을 대거 폭로해 전세계에 파문을 일으켰다.

이 신문에 따르면 어산지는 최근 브라질 네티즌들과 온라인 인터뷰를 하면서 "브라질 정부가 나에게 정치적 망명을 허용한다면 매우 기쁠 것"이라고 말했다. 이와 관련, 루이스 이나시오 룰라 다 실바 전 대통령은 어산지의 처벌에 반대한다는 입장을 밝힌 바 있다. 어산지는 이에 대해 "매우 용기있는 발언"이라고 평가하면서 “지우마 호세프 대통령도 같은 입장을 보이기 바란다”고 말했다.

어산지는 또 "조만간 매우 중요한 미국 정부 외교전문들을 폭로할 것“이라며 추가 폭로를 예고했다. 이에 앞서 그는 지난해 12월 영국 법원의 보석 결정으로 풀려난 뒤 브라질 일간지 에스타도 데 상파울루와 가진 전화 인터뷰에서 올해 미국과 관련해 더 폭발적인 내용이 공개될 것이라고 밝힌 바 있다.

어산지는 당시 세계 각국과 100여개 국제기구에 관한 외교전문이 공개될 것이라면서 웹사이트 외에 다른 형태의 공개 방식도 고려하는 등 활동 범위를 넓힐 것이라고 말했다.

어산지는 또 미국의 할리우드가 자신을 소재로 하는 영화 제작을 추진하고 있는 것과 관련, "배우 윌 스미스가 주연을 맡았으면 좋겠다"고 말했다. 할리우드의 영화 제작자들은 호주에서 어산지의 자서전이 출간되는 데 맞춰 영화 제작을 검토하고 있는 것으로 알려졌다.

어산지의 자서전은 '세계에서 가장 위험한 사람'이라는 제목으로 호주에서 출간될 예정이다. 자서전은 그의 유년기부터의 삶을 비롯해 2006년 위키리크스 창립 및 최근 외교전문 공개를 둘러싼 논란 등을 집중적으로 조명한다.

Do Somali pirates have links with al-Qaida?

Do Somali pirates have links with al-Qaida?

By Kang Hyun-kyung South Korea is facing a daunting task regarding how to deal with the five pirates they captured alive during the rescue operation for the hijacked cargo ship Samho Jewelry. Some African governments remain unwilling to bring five captured Somali pirates to justice in their territories on behalf of South Korea, fearing possible retaliation from al Qaida. This raises the question whether there is a link between Somali pirates and the international terrorist group responsible for the deadly Sept. 11 attacks in the United States. “So far, it has not been confirmed whether the two groups are linked,” a government official told reporters on condition of anonymity Monday. He made the remarks when asked to confirm if those African nations’ worries are based on fact. But some Western diplomats and security experts view it differently. They suspect that there might be ties between the two armed groups. South Korea successfully launched a military action against the Somali pirates that hijacked the chemical carrier Samho Jewelry earlier, rescuing 21 sailors onboard alive. But the 57-year old captain was seriously wounded, and has undergone surgery at a hospital in Oman. During the five-hour operation code-named “Gulf of Aden Daybreak,” eight pirates were killed and five others were captured alive. South Korea’s first military action on the pirates ended successfully. Retaliation threat After the rescue operation, some Somali pirates reportedly warned of retaliation against South Korean crewmembers if they hijack another ship. Reuters reported that Somali pirates threatened to kill all future South Korean sailors and set fire to their ships. “We shall never take a ransom from Korean ships. We shall burn them and kill their crew. We shall redouble our efforts. Korea has put itself in trouble by killing my colleagues,” a pirate who identified himself as Mohamed was reported as saying to Reuters. With the threat of retaliation looming and lack of precedents on dealing with captured pirates, South Korea faces limited options of what to do with the capture pirates. South Korea can bring them to Seoul for trial, or ask a third government to do the job. During the National Assembly’s Defense Committee meeting Monday, Kim Kwan-jin, minister of national defense, told lawmakers that the government may consider a pirate-for-hostages swap as an option. A South Korean ship, Geummi 305 was hijacked by Somali pirates last October and 43 sailors ― two South Koreans, two Chinese and 39 Kenyans ― have been taken hostage in Somalia since then. Later the defense minister denied the possibility of a pirate-for-hostages swap. In terms of efficiency, bringing the pirates to trial here entails significant costs. It would also require the government to look into a variety of aspects, such as whether the pirates are punishable under domestic law. Thus, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade has checked with several African nations, including Kenya, to see whether they would be interested in undertaking the legal process on behalf of Seoul. Many of them remain unwilling to do so. “Some governments rejected our offer, citing a monetary problem. If accepted, a third government needs to put the pirates in custody, hire legal interpreters for court trials, and put them behind bars if a judge orders so. All this requires the government to spend money,” an official told The Korea Times on condition of anonymity. “Meanwhile, some nations refused to take up our proposal as they fear possible negative fallout following their cooperation with us in their ties with Somalia. And there were some who were concerned about possible retaliation from al Qaida.” Somali pirates-al Qaida link Back in April 2009, there was a debate in the United States whether Somali pirates are linked to terrorists’ group al Qaida. A senior Saudi Arabian al Qaida operative called on Somali jihadists to launch attacks on “crusader” forces in the Gulf of Aden at the time. In an audiotape acquired by CBS News, Sa’id Ali Jabir Al Khathim Al Shjhri aka Abu Sufian al-Azdi said, “To our steadfast brethren in Somalia, take caution and prepare yourselves.” “Increase your strikes against the crusaders at sea and in Djibouti.” The audiotape sparked debate over the Somali pirates-al Qaida link. Diplomats and defense experts are divided over whether there is any connection between Somali pirates and the Islamist terrorist group. Gen. William Ward, commander of the U.S. African Command, was skeptical about the ties. Earlier, he was quoted as saying, “I do not have any evidence that the pirates have links with al Qaida. We may speculate and think about it, but I personally do not have any evidence,” he told reporters back in November 2008. Some media analysis supported the U.S. commander’s view. CBS News reported last April that “al Qaida does have links to Islamic extremist groups operating in Somalia, but thus far piracy and al Qaida’s brand of terrorism have remained largely separate.” Somali pirates have always sought ransom payments or loot, but they have not been motivated by Islamic fundamentalism, it said. The U.S. State Department, on the other hand, suspected that there was a link between Somali pirates and al Qaida. The State Department included al Shabab militia, an Islamist insurgent group fighting to overthrow the government of Somalia, in its list of terrorist organizations. It declared the Islamist group’s affiliations with al Qaida. Al Shabab reportedly controlled most of the southern and central parts of war-torn Somalia as of last summer. The discussion among Somali experts with regard to ties between al Shabab and some pirates is underway. Some locally sourced reports said that there is a developing link between some pirate groups and members of the Islamist insurgent group. ‘Piracy business’ In war-torn Somalia, piracy is said to be much more than hijacking vessels. It is considered as big business providing big income. A 2008 report produced by International Experts on Piracy off the Somali Coast, dubbed “Piracy off the Somalia Coast,” found that the high unemployment rate in Somalia after the civil war in 1991 has driven many young people there to join militias or other armed groups, including piracy. It said Somali people are affiliated with pirate groups in order to earn a basic income. “Piracy is flourishing in Somalia as it is a quick way for all involved to earn a large amount of money way beyond any other means of income generation,” the report said. A U.N. study released Monday said that Somali pirates are costing the world more than $7 billion a year. In 2008, the average ransom was estimated at somewhere between $500,000 and $2 million and estimated income from piracy for the year was nearly at between $18 million and $30 million. In Somalia, piracy began in 2000. At the outset, pirates targeted merchant vessels sailing off the Gulf of Aden. As ransom payments increased, Somali pirates equipped themselves better with GPS devices, and tracked ships through on board navigation information systems. They have reportedly built up a large network. The above experts’ report said that the epicenter of piracy is northern territory Puntland where it is penetrating all levels of society including government and government structures. “A number of Puntland ministers are suspected of being involved in piracy and its attendant activities,” the report said. The income from ransom payments appears to have a trickle-down effect on the local community. “Garoowe in Puntland is one place which appears to be benefitting from the new found income with the construction of large homes, and an increase in the price of dowries and more and more expensive vehicles appearing on the streets,” the report said. A pirate can earn in the range of $6,000 to $10,000 for a $1 million ransom, which is equivalent to a two to three-year income for an armed guard at a humanitarian agency and much higher than those hired by local companies are paid. According to a captured pirate, different portions of ransom payments go to four different groups: 20 percent goes to the bosses of the piracy organization; 20 percent investment in future missions; 30 percent to the gun men; and 30 percent to government officials. As piracy is gaining influence in Somalia as more people join the new business to make money, a growing number of experts have called for a fundamental solution to remove its root cause. They pointed out that now is the time for the international community to find ways to help the war-torn nation rebuild itself. Pirates: 소말리아 해적들, 럭셔리한 생활로 눈총 소말리아 해적들이 피랍을 통해 번 돈으로 럭셔리한 삶을 살고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 피랍된 선원을 풀어주는 댓가로 10억을 해적에게 지급할 경우, 해적 한명에게 돌아가는 돈은 최대 1천만원 정도 되며, 이같은 금액은 보통 소말리아 직장인이 2-3년간 받는 급여에 해당된다는 것. 실제 소말리아에서 해적활동이 활발한 것으로 알려진 북부 푼트랜드 지역의 경우 해적으로 벌어들인 돈으로 해적 및 가족들이 고급주택을 새로 짓고, 자동차를 구입하거나 결혼할 때 필요한 지참금을 많이 가져가는 것으로 알려졌다. 한편 생포한 소말리아 해적 국내이송문제를 정부가 고려하는 가운데, 일부 아프리카 국가들이 한국정부가 요청한 소말리아 해적처리를 국제 테러집단인 알카에다의 보복 가능성을 우려하며 거부했다고 알려졌다. 이들 국가들이 우려하는 것처럼 과연 소말리아 해적과 알카에다가 연계되어 있을까? 이 두단체의 연계에 대해 전문가들의 견해는 나뉜다. 미국 국방부측 인사들은 양자간에 연계를 입증할 만한 증거가 없다고 주장하는 반면, 일부 전문가들은 이들의 유착관계가 있을 가능성에 무게를 두고 있다.

hkang@koreatimes.co.kr

China's new stealth fighter may use US technology

China's new stealth fighter may use US technology

China recently unveiled a new, high-tech stealth fighter that could pose a significant threat to American air superiority, and some of its technology may have come from the United States, a news report said. Quoting Balkan military officials and other experts, the Associated Press reported Sunday that in all probability the Chinese gleaned some of their technological know-how from an American F-117 Nighthawk that was shot down over Serbia in 1999. On March 27, 1999, during NATO's aerial bombing of Serbia in the Kosovo war, a Serbian anti-aircraft missile shot one of the Nighthawks down. The pilot ejected and was rescued. The pilot ejected and was rescued. “At the time, our intelligence reports told of Chinese agents crisscrossing the region where the F-117 disintegrated, buying up parts of the plane from local farmers,”' says Adm. Davor Domazet-Loso, Croatia's military chief of staff during the Kosovo war, according to the report. In a telephone interview, the admiral said, “We believe the Chinese used those materials to gain an insight into secret stealth technologies ... and to reverse-engineer them,'' AP said. A senior Serbian military official confirmed that pieces of the wreckage were removed by souvenir collectors, and that some ended up “in the hands of foreign military attaches,” it said. Parts of the downed F-117 wreckage -- such as the left wing with U.S. Air Force insignia, the cockpit canopy, ejection seat, pilot's helmet and radio -- are exhibited at Belgrade's aviation museum, the report said. Meanwhile, an official Chinese newspaper on Tuesday dismissed the report that Beijing used technology taken from a downed U.S. airplane in its own stealth fighter program. 中스텔스기, 99년 격추된 ‘F-117’ 기술 사용? 중국은 최근 새로운 하이테크 스텔스 전투기를 공개했는데 이 기술의 일부는 미국으로 부터 온 것이라고 알려졌다. 발칸 국가의 군 당국자와 전문가들을 인용, AP통신은 23일 중국이 지닌 스텔스 기술은 지난 1999년에 격추된 미 공군 ‘F-117 나이트 호크’(Nighthawk)의 잔해를 분석해 얻은 것이라고 보도했다. 지난 1999년 3월 27일 코소보 전쟁 중 NATO의 세르비아 공습 당시 미 공군 최초의 스텔스기인 F-117 한대가 세르비아군에게 격추되었다. 조종사는 비상탈출해 미군에 의해 구조되었다. 크로아티아군 참모장로 있었던 Davor Domazet-Loso 제독은 “사고 직후 중국 요원들이 지역을 샅샅이 돌며 지역농부들로부터 조각난 F-117의 파편을 사들이고 있다는 보고 정보 보고를 받았다”고 말했다고 이 보도는 전했다. 이 제독은 “우리는 중국이 그 파편들을 역설계해 기밀로 분류되던 스텔스 기술에 대한 정보를 얻어냈을 것으로 믿고 있다”고 전화 인터뷰에서 밝혔다는 것. 세르비아군의 고위관료 역시 “F-117의 파편 일부가 기념품 등의 용도로 사라진 것이 사실”이라면서 “일부는 외국의 군조직에 넘어갔다”고 인정했다고 이 보도는 전했다. 현재 사고 기체의 좌측 날개와 조종석 덮개(캐노피), 탈출좌석, 조종사 헬멧 등은 세르비아의 수도인 베오그라드 항공 박물관에는 전시돼 있다고.

Sneaky house owner peeps at young Koreans studying in US

Sneaky house owner peeps at young Koreans studying in US

Three Korean students studying in America were peeped at by their host parent who installed secret cameras throughout the house. Michael Scott Scheeler, 43, of Lower Milford, Penn., was charged Jan. 13 with sexual abuse of children, corruption of minors, invasion of privacy and furnishing alcohol to minors, according to information released by the Lehigh County District Attorney’s office. The students were attending Faith Christian Academy in Sellersville. According to the prosecution, the boys had been staying at Scheeler's house since last March. The videos were discovered after one of the students saw a video of another on Scheeler’s laptop, then later discovered more and told a school administrator, according to the district attorney’s release. During a search of Scheeler’s home, 57 DVDs with images of the three teenagers were found, as well as wiring for video and audio equipment in the ceiling of the house and four miniature cameras that recorded from different angles, investigators said. The three boys were aged 16 and 17, investigators said. The videos were allegedly taken between March 10 and Nov. 10, 2010, investigators said. Ryan Clymer, head administrator at the school, was quoted as saying Scheeler had been a volunteer for the school for about one year and that the school removed the boys from Scheeler’s home after being notified by authorities about the investigation result last fall. Criminal background checks, interviews and visits to the home are required for host parents, according to an article by the local press. A total of 25 foreigners are attending the school, with fees costing $5,000 per student. Accommodation fees are separately arranged with hosts. 응큼한 집주인, '몰카'로 한국 조기유학생 훔쳐 봐 집안 곳곳에 몰래 카메라를 설치해 한국에서 온 유학생들을 홈쳐 본 미국인 집주인이 기소됐다. 미 펜실베이니아주 리하이 카운티 검찰은 마이클 쉴러(43)를 어린이 성학대, 포르노 사진 소장, 사생활 침해 등 모두 18가지 혐의로 기소했다고 24일 발표했다. 한국학생들은 셀러스빌에 소재한 페이스 크리스천 아카데미에 유학중이었다. 검찰에 따르면 세명의 한국학생들은 지난해 3월부터 쉴러의 집에서 숙식을 해왔다. 쉴러의 범행은 이 중 한 학생이 우연히 집주인의 노트북 컴퓨터에서 녹화영상을 발견, 곧바로 학교에 알려 꼬리가 잡혔다. 경찰은 쉴러의 집에서 한국학생들의 벗은 모습 등이 녹화된 DVD 57매와 소형 카메라, 오디오 장치 등을 증거물로 압수했다. 경찰 수사기록에 따르면 쉴러는 지난해 3월부터 11월까지 8개월동안이나 조기 유학생들을 몰래 카메라로 찍었다. 학교 측은 신원조회결과 쉴러가 전과기록이 없어 홈스테이 적격 가정으로 판단했다고 밝혔다. 한편 이 학교엔 한국학생들을 포함해 25명의 외국인 학생들이 재학 중이다. 학비는 1인당 5,000 달러로 홈스테이 비용은 별도로 호스트 가정에 지불하고 있다.

Cologne Cathedral

Cologne Cathedral (German: Kölner Dom, officially Hohe Domkirche St. Peter und Maria) is a Roman Catholic church in Cologne,Germany. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Cologne (currently Cardinal Joachim Meisner), and is under the administration of theArchdiocese of Cologne. It is renowned as a monument of Christianity, of German Catholicism in particular, of Gothic architecture and of the continuing faith and perseverance of the people of the city in which it stands. It is dedicated to Saint Peter and the Blessed Virgin Mary. The cathedral is a World Heritage Site, one of the best-known architectural monuments in Germany, and Cologne's most famous landmark, described by UNESCO as an "exceptional work of human creative genius".^[1] It is Germany's most visited landmark, visited by 20,000 people every day.^[2]

Construction of Cologne Cathedral began in 1248 and took, with interruptions, until 1880 to complete. It is 144.5 metres long, 86.5 m wide and its towers are approximately 157 m tall.^[3] The cathedral is one of the world's largest churches and the largest Gothic church inNorthern Europe. For four years, 1880-84, it was the tallest structure in the world, until the completion of the Washington Monument. It has the second-tallest church spires, only surpassed by the single spire of Ulm Minster, completed 10 years later in 1890. Because of its enormous twin spires, it also presents the largest façade of any church in the world. The choir of the cathedral, measured between the piers, also holds the distinction of having the largest height to width ratio of any Medieval church, 3.6:1, exceeding even Beauvais Cathedral which has a slightly higher vault.^[4]

Cologne's medieval builders had planned a grand structure to house the reliquary of the Three Kings and fit its role as a place of worship of the Holy Roman Emperor. Despite having been left incomplete during the medieval period, Cologne Cathedral eventually became unified as "a masterpiece of exceptional intrinsic value" and "a powerful testimony to the strength and persistence of Christian belief in medieval and modern Europe".^[1]

[edit]History

The Altarpiece of the Three Kings by Stephan Lochner.

[edit]Ancient site

When the present Cologne Cathedral was commenced in 1248, the site had been occupied by several previous structures, the earliest of which may have been a grain store, perhaps succeeded by a Roman temple built by Mercurius Augustus. From the 4th century the site was occupied by Christian buildings including a square edifice known as the "oldest cathedral" and commissioned by Maternus, the first Christian bishop of Cologne. A free-standing baptistery from the 6th century was located at the east end of the Cathedral. The baptistery was demolished to build the old cathedral in the 9th century. Now only the ruins of the baptistery and the octagonal baptismal font remain.^[5] The second church, the so-called "Old Cathedral", was completed in 818. This burned down on April 30, 1248.

[edit]Medieval beginning

Unfinished cathedral, 1856 with ancient crane on south tower.

In 1164, the Archbishop of Cologne, Rainald of Dassel had acquired relics of the Three Kingswhich had been taken from Milan, Italy by the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick Barbarossa. The relics had great religious significance and could be counted upon to draw pilgrims from all overChristendom. It was important to church officials that they be properly housed. The loss of the old five-aisled cathedral prompted a building program in the new style of Gothic architecture based in particular on the French Cathedral of Amiens.

The foundation stone was laid on August 15, 1248, by Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden. The eastern arm was completed under the direction of Master Gerhard, was consecrated in 1322 and sealed off by a temporary wall so it could be in use as the work proceeded. Eighty four misericords in the choir date from this building phase. In the mid 14th century work on the west front commenced under Master Michael. This work halted in 1473 leaving the south tower complete up to the belfry level and crowned with a huge crane which was destined to remain in place, and the landmark of Cologne for 400 years.^[6]

Some work proceeded intermittently on the structure of the nave between the west front and the eastern arm but during the 16th century, this ceased.^[7]

The completed cathedral in 1911

[edit]19th century completion

With the 19th century romantic enthusiasm for the Middle Ages and spurred on by the lucky discovery of the original plan for the façade, it was decided, with the commitment of the Protestant Prussian Court, to complete the cathedral. It was achieved by civic effort, the Central-Dombauverein, founded in 1842, raised two-thirds of the enormous costs (over US$ 1 billion in today's money), while the Prussian state supplied the remaining third. The state saw this as a way to improve its relations with the large number of Catholic subjects it had gained in 1815.

Work resumed in 1842 to the original design of the surviving medieval plans and drawings, but utilising more modern construction techniques including iron roof girders. The nave was completed and the towers were added. The bells were installed in the 1870s.

The completion of Germany's largest cathedral was celebrated as a national event in 1880, 632 years after construction had begun. The celebration was attended by Emperor Wilhelm I.

[edit]World War II and post-war history

The cathedral suffered seventy hits by aerial bombs during World War II. It did not collapse, but stood tall in an otherwise flattened city. The great twin spires are said to have been used as an easily recognizable navigational landmark by Allied aircraft raiding deeper into Germany in the later years of the war, which may be a reason that the cathedral was not destroyed. It has been claimed that in June 1945 American troops used the cathedral as a rifle range.^[8]

US soldier and destroyed Panther tank, 4 April 1945.

The repairs to the building were completed in 1956. In the northwest tower's base, an emergency repair carried out in 1944 with bad-quality brick taken from a nearby war ruin (see German Wikipedia "Kölner Domplombe") remained visible until 2005 as a reminder of the War, but then it was decided to reconstruct this section according to the original appearance. The brick-filling can be seen in the image on the right.

Some repair and maintenance work is constantly being carried out in some section of the building, which is almost never completely free of scaffolding, since wind, rain, and pollution slowly eat away at the stones. The Dombauhütte, which was established to build the cathedral and repair the cathedral, is said to employ the best stonemasons of the Rhineland. There is a common joke in Cologne that the leader of theDombauhütte, the Dombaumeister (master builder of the cathedral), has to be Catholic and free from giddiness. The current Dombaumeisterin is Barbara Schock-Werner. Half of the costs of repair and maintenance are still borne by the Dombauverein.

On August 25, 2007, the cathedral received a new stained glass in the south transept window. With 113 square metres of glass, the window was created by the German artist Gerhard Richter. It is composed of 11,500 identically sized pieces of coloured glass resembling pixels, randomly arranged by computer, which create a colorful "carpet". Since the loss of the original window in World War II, the space had been temporarily filled with plain glass.^[9] The archbishop of the cathedral, Joachim Cardinal Meisner, who had preferred a figurative depiction of 20th-century Catholic martyrs for the window, did not attend the unveiling.^[10]

[edit]World Heritage Site

In 1996, the cathedral was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List of culturally important sites. In 2004 it was placed on the "World Heritage in Danger" list due to plans to construct a high-rise building nearby which would have visually impacted the site, as the only Western site in danger. The cathedral was removed from the List of In Danger Sites in 2006, following the authorities' decision to limit the heights of buildings constructed near and around the cathedral.

As a World Heritage Site, and with its convenient position on tourist routes, Cologne Cathedral is a major tourist attraction, the visitors including many who travel there as a Christian pilgrimage.

Visitors can climb 509 stone steps of the spiral staircase to a viewing platform about 98 metres above the ground. The platform gives a lovely top view of the Rhine.

On May 12, 2001, the American rock band R.E.M. performed a free concert in Roncalliplatz, the square to the south side of Cologne Cathedral. The concert was organised to promote the eradication of violence in schools, and was in part broadcast live on MTV Europe.

On August 18, 2005, Pope Benedict XVI visited the cathedral during his apostolic visit to Germany, as part of World Youth Day 2005 festivities. An estimated one million pilgrims visited the cathedral during this time. Also as part of the events of World Youth Day, Cologne Cathedral hosted a televised gala performance of Beethoven's Missa Solemnis, performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and the London Philharmonic Choir conducted by Sir Gilbert Levine.

Cologne Cathedral seen at night from the other side of the Rhine at Deutz

[edit]Architecture

The nave looking east

The design of Cologne Cathedral was based quite closely on that of Amiens Cathedral in terms of ground plan, style and the width to height proportion of the central nave. The plan is in the shape of a Latin Cross, as is usual with Gothic cathedrals. It has two aisles on either side, which help to support one of the very highest Gothic vaults in the world, being nearly as tall as that of the ill-fated Beauvais Cathedral, much of which collapsed. Externally the outward thrust of the vault is taken up by flying buttresses in the French manner. The eastern end has a single ambulatory, the second aisle resolving into a chevet of seven radiating chapels.

Internally, the medieval choir is more varied and less mechanical in its details than the 19th century building. It presents a French style arrangement of very tall arcade, a delicate narrow triforium gallery lit by windows and with detailed tracery merging with that of the windows above. The clerestorywindows are tall and retain some old figurative glass in the lower sections. The whole is united by the tall shafts which sweep unbroken from the floor to their capitals at the spring of the vault. The vault is of plain quadripartite arrangement.

The choir retains a great many of its original fittings, including the carved stalls, which is made the more surprising by the fact that French Revolutionary troops had desecrated the building. A large stone statue of St Christopher looks down towards the place where the earlier entrance to the cathedral was, before its completion in the late 19th century.

The nave is enhanced by a good many 19th century stained glass windows including a set of five on the south side called the "Bayernfenster" which were a gift from Ludwig I of Bavaria, a set highly representative of the painterly German style of that date.

Externally, particularly from a distance, the building is dominated by its huge spires which are entirely Germanic in character, being openwork like those of Ulm, Vienna and Regensburg Cathedrals. ^[11]

[edit]Treasures

One of the Treasures of the cathedral is the High Altar which was installed in 1322. It is constructed of black marble, with a solid slab 15 feet long forming the top. The front and sides are overlaid with white marble niches into which are set figures, with the Coronation of the Virgin at the centre.^[12]

The Shrine of the Three Kings.

The most celebrated work of art in the cathedral is the Shrine of the Three Kings, a large gilded sarcophagus dating from the 13th century, and the largest reliquary in the Western world. It is traditionally believed to hold the remains of the Three Wise Men, whose bones and 2,000-year-old clothes were discovered at the opening of the shrine in 1864.

Near the sacristy is the Gero-Kreuz,^[13] a large crucifix carved in oak and with traces of paint and gilding. Believed to have been commissioned around 960 for Archbishop Gero, it is the oldest large crucifix north of the Alps and the earliest-known large free-standing Northern sculpture of the medieval period.^[14]

In the Sacrament Chapel is the Mailänder Madonna ("Milan Madonna"), dating from around 1290, a wooden sculpture depicting the Blessed Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus. The altar of the patron saints of Cologne with an altar piece by the International Gothic painter, Stephan Lochner is in the Marienkapelle ("St. Mary's Chapel"). Other works of art are to be found in the Cathedral Treasury.

The altar also houses the relics of Saint Irmgardis.

[edit]Jewish tablets

Embedded in the interior wall are a pair of tablets on which are carved the provisions worked out by Archbishop Englebert II (1262-67) under which Jews were permitted to reside in Cologne.^[15]

[edit]Bells

The cathedral has eleven church bells, four of which are medieval. The first was the 3.8-ton Dreikönigenglocke ("Bell of the Three Kings"), cast in 1418, installed in 1437, and recast in 1880. Two of the other bells, the Pretiosa (10.5 tons; at that time the largest bell in the Occident) and the Speciosa (5.6 tons) were installed in 1448 and remain in place today.

During the 19th century, as the building neared completion, there was a desire to extend the number of bells. This was facilitated by Kaiser Wilhelm I who gave French bronze cannon, captured in 1870-71, for this purpose. The 22 pieces of artillery were displayed outside the Cathedral on the 11th of May 1872. Andreas Hamm in Frankenthal used them to cast a bell of over 27,000 kilos on the 19th of August 1873. The tone was not harmonious and another attempt was made on the 13th of November 1873. The Central Cathedral Association, which had agreed to take over the costs, did not want this bell either. Another attempt took place on the 3rd of October 1874. The colossal bell was shipped to Cologne and on the 13th of May 1875, installed in the Cathedral. This Kaiserglocke was eventually dismantled in 1918 to support the German war effort.

The 24-ton St. Petersglocke ("Bell of St. Peter", "Dicke Pitter" in the Kölsch dialect), was cast in 1922 and is the largest free-swinging bell in the world.^[16] (See below: Gallery, Petersglocke)

Petersglocke, note person to right of bell clapper.

Bells of the ridge turret:

• Consecration Bell - 0.425 tons (Wandlungsglocke)
• Vespers Bell - 0.28 tons (Mettglocke)
• Angelus Bell - 0.763 tons (Angelusglocke)

Bells of the main bell cage in the south spire:

• Hail Bell - 0.83 tons (Aveglocke)
• Chapter Bell - 1.4 tons (Kapitelsglocke)
• St Joseph's Bell - 2.2 tons (Josephglocke)
• St Ursula's Bell - 2.55 tons (Ursulaglocke)
• Bell of the Three Kings - 3.8 tons (Dreikönigenglocke)
• Pretiosa - 10.5 tons
• Speciosa - 5.6 tons
• St Peter's Bell - 24 tons (St. Petersglocke)

[edit]Church music

Main article: Organs and organists of Cologne Cathedral

Cologne Cathedral has two pipe organs by Klais Orgelbau, the Transept Organ built in 1948 and the Nave Organ built in 1998. Cathedral organists have included Josef Zimmermann,Clemens Ganz (1985–2001) and Winfried Bönig (2001).

[edit]Dimensions

Groundplan.

Detail of a tower, from an albumen print taken ca. 1877-1880

External length	144.58 m
External width	86.25 m
Width of west façade	61.54 m
Width of transept façade	39.95 m
Width of nave (with aisles, interior)	45.19 m
Height of southern tower	157.31 m
Height of northern tower	157.38 m
Height of ridge turret	109.00 m
Height of transept façades	69.95 m
Height of roof ridge	61.10 m
Inner height of nave	43.35 m
Building area	7,914 m²
Window surface area	10,000 m²
Roof surface area	12,000 m²
Gross volume without buttresses	407,000 m³

[edit]Gallery

A "Bird's eye view" of the Dom from the east shows the cruciform plan, the proportion of the spires to the building and the radiating buttresses of the east end.	The south transept facade reveals the taller central space framed by lower aisles, spanned by flying buttresses.	The exterior of one of the Cathedral's spires	Inside a spire showing the openwork construction.
The flying buttresses and pinnacles of the Medieval east end.	Statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the central jamb of the door.	The main entrance shows the brittle repetitive nature of the 19th century decoration.	The earlier carving around this entrance is lively.
A gargoyle under restoration.	Inside the 19th century roofspace steel girders rise above the stone vaulting.	Interior of the Medieval east end, showing the extreme height.	The arcade, gallery andclerestory of the east end showing details of tracery and painted angels on the spandrels.
This medieval statue of St. Christopher, Patron of Travellers, welcomes visitors to the Cathedral.	The Crucifix of Bishop Gero, a famous 10th century sculpture, with a modern surround.	This "swallows' nest" organ was built into the gallery in 1998, to celebrate the cathedral's 700 years.	The five windows on the South side were given byLudwig I of Bavaria.
Detail of a window showing the patrons of the Cathedral, St. Peter and the Virgin Mary.	Stained glass window byGerhard Richter, 20 meters tall	A lightshow in the Cathedral.	Cologne Cathedral floodlit.